Senin, 30 April 2012

  • Invitation





Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitation:
1. Formal Invitation
Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.




2. Informal Invitation
Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.
 


How to write an invitation
Step 1
before you write an invitation; decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.
Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.
Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'
Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.
Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. stands for a French phrase, "répondez, s'il vous plaît," which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?
Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.
Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.
Example of invitation:
1. Wedding invitation
2. Birthday invitation
3. Baby shower
4. Dinner invitation

News Item

News Item Text - Explanations and Examples


.News items are one type of "text" that can lead us into a reliable journalist. By studying this text, we at least have been training to be able to write like a professional news writers. Therefore, do not be lazy if the teacher told my friend to do the task of creating a text message in English, okay? Well maybe one day my friend can be a high profile journalist :)
However, if my friend has not fully understand the text of this news item, it goes buddy grieve; hopefully by reading this article my friend could be smarter than the father / teacher friend in writing a news item text :)

    
Definition News Item

    
Generic Structure of News Item

    
What Makes a News Item

    
Example News Item

Definition News Item
News item is a text about the which informs readers events of the day. Considered The events are newsworthy or important. (News item is a text that gives information about the incident / event daily. Daily event is considered to be news worthy or [could say] important)
That is, if there is a significant event that should be known by many people, then it deserves to be a news event. Well, it was called a text message with the news item. However, if there is an inappropriate event is known by many people, the event certainly did not deserve to be news.
Generic Structure of News Item
There are three common arrangement in writing a news item, here is a generic structure of the News item:

    
Main Events: The main event which deserves to be news.
    
Elaboration: A description of the background of the event; the people involved in the incident; where events occurred, and others ..
    
Resource of Information [Source]: The source of news; comments of the witnesses; opinions of experts, and others.
For the first point, the main event should really newsworthy. Do not let there be a scene as an important ga news entry, will be the readers / viewers do not like the news story. For example: Mr. momod Go to Market to Buy Rice .. whoa who tuh pack momod .. :)
What Makes a News Item
There are so many common traits news item text; most prominent feature of the language is concise and straightforward. A few more of them:

    
Frequent use of action verbs
    
Dominant use of saying verbs
    
Many use the adverb of time, adverb of place, adverb of manner.
Note:

    
Action verbs are verbs that show the activity. (Read more clearly: Dynamic Verbs)
    
Saying verbs such as "reported, said, quoted, saying, preach, quoting".
    
Read adverb: adverb type

Example News ItemPamekasan student wins math contest in Romania
Alyssa Diva Mustika, a student from Pamekasan Junior High School, East Java, won the gold medal at the International Mathematics Contest held in Romania Between March 22 to 29, Antara news agency reported.
news itemSpeaking to Journalists, Diva said she was glad That she had been Able to win the competition, the which she said had been very tight. "Thank God I won. I will study harder, "she said.
Indonesia sent 10 students to the competition in Romania. Diva is not the first Pamekasan student to win an international science competition. Oktavian Latif, a student from SMA Negeri 1 Pamekasan won gold at the International Physics Olympiad in 2006. Another student, Shohibul Maromi, won the same award in 2010.
"I thank Diva for giving a good name to Indonesia and Pamekasan on the international stage," Pamekasan Regent Kholilurrahman said as quoted by Antara.
Example News Item analysis above:
First paragraph: Main EventsSecond & Third paragraph: Elaboration
Fourth paragraph: Sources.

Offering Expression

Offering Expression


The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.


Ways to say it :


* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Ardi?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. Rio?
* Would you care some salad?


Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself


Less formal expressions:


* Would you like to have a drink?
* Why don't you have some pie?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?


Declining an offering :


* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.


Accepting an offering :


* Thank you, Kim Bum.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

Asking for information




Asking for information
-(Excuse me) can could you tell me (the way to the station/...)
-Do you know (if they are here / when they leave /...)
-Could you give me some information about ...
-Is it true that (they have moved /...)
-Have you got an idea of (when they leave / ...)
-I'd like to know (what he does / ...)


Correcting agreeing with a statement
-Yes, it is / was / will ...
-Oh yes, I did / Oh no, I didn't.
-That's (quite) right.
-No, it isn't really so.
-I'm sorry but that isn't correct.
- Well, it's the contrary in fact.


Asking about language
-Pardon? / I beg your pardon?
-I'm sorry I didn't catch what you said.
-What do you mean?

-What is the meaning of ...?
-How do you pronounce..?
-How do you say that?
-How is it spelt? How do you spell ...?


Expressing certainty
Being sure.
I'm sure / certain (that) (he will come / ...)
-There is no doubt about it.
-No doubt (you'd like to see your gift / ...)
-I certainly think / believe that (she was unhappy / ...)
-I'm positive on that point.
I'm certain...
-It is obvious that ...
-That goes without saying.
-It's crystal clear.
-It's as sure as two and two make four.
Being less sure.
-I think so
-I think that ( they will be there by 6 / ...)
-I suppose so.
-I suppose / expect that ( it is the way to the bus stop /...)
-I believe that ( he is sick / ...)
-I assume (that ) (they did it / ...)
-It's more than probable that ...
-I wouldn't be surprised if ....
Being unsure.
I'm not sure (that) ...
-I wonder if...
-I doubt if ...
-May be / perhaps (they're right / ...)
-It's very doubtful whether (he'll accept / ...)
-There's a little chance of ( arriving in time / ...)
-It isn't known for use ...
Not knowing.
-I don't think so.
-I don't think that (they will give her a ring / ...)
-I don't know / I've no idea / I wouldn't like to say (where it is).
-I haven't the faintest idea.
-Sorry, I can't tell you.


Inquiring about certainty
-Are you (quite) sure (that) ...
-Do you think so?
-Do you think that ...?
-Do you believe / suppose that (it's a good idea / ...)?
 

Expressing possibility
-It is possible
-It is possible (that) (it rains / ...)
-I / you ... can (drive / read / ...)
-He / we / ... is/are capable of ( doing better / ...)



Expressing impossibility
-It is impossible
-It is impossible (that) (it rains / ...)
-I / you ... can't (drive / read / ...)
-You can't possibly ( do this / ...)


Inquiring about possibility
-Is it possible?
-Is it possible (that) (he will come / ...)
-Will he / she / they .. be able to (do it / ...)?
-Can he / she /.... (drive / read /...)?


Expressing obligation
-You have (got) (to go / ...)
-We / you ..must (leave / ...)
-Do behave yourself!
-It is compulsory.
You are to .. (be there at 4 / ...)

-We are forced to do so.
-We were obliged to (pay / ...)


Expressing there is no obligation
-It's not necessary / not necessarily.
-No) you needn't / you don't need to ... (go out / ...)
-No need to (wait / ...)
-You don't have to .. (wait / ...)
-You haven't got to (wash the car / ...)
-It is not compulsory.
-It is not absolutely vital.
-Why should you?
-You aren't obliged to ...(wait for them /...)


Inquiring about obligation
-Must we ( go / stay /...)
-Do you have to ( wash our hands / wait/...)
-Have I / we got to ( go now /...)
-Is it compulsory?
-Am I / Are we required to ( take an exam / ...)
-Need we (stay / ...)
-Am I to (wait here / ...) ?
-Am I obliged to (leave / ...)?
-Are we supposed to (read this book / ...)?


Forbidding, refusing permission
Parking is strictly forbidden / prohibited here.
-Trespassers will be prosecuted.
-No begging / parking / waiting / ...
-They won't let me (go out / ...)
-Nobody is to (enter this area / ...)
-I was refused permission to ( use my car / ...)
-You may not (drink alcohol / ...)
-We weren't allowed to (talk / ...)
-It's out of question.
-Smoking / drinking alcohol .. is not permitted/ is prohibited.

Modals In Past Form

Past modals come in two forms. The first type is the easiest and usually requires only a simple word change:
    I can drive.
    I could drive when I was 16.
    I have to go to California.
    I had to go to California.
    Lenny will pay tomorrow.
    Lenny said he would pay tomorrow.

    (present ability)
    (past ability)
    (present obligation)
    (past obligation)
    (future intention)
    (future reported from the past)
Past modals with have
Some past modals can be formed by using have + the past participle of the main verb immediately after the modal. (should have, could have, would have, etc.)
However, since modals express possibility, intention, obligation, etc., they do not always indicate a definite tense. Therefore, when using past modals with have, special meanings need to be considered.
I should go to the funeral.
I should have gone to the funeral.
Lex might take Karen to the airport.
Lex might have taken Karen to the airport.
Lex could have taken Karen to the airport.
Lex would have taken Karen to the airport.
Otis didn't come to work yesterday.
He had to take care of his children.
His children must have been sick.

(I feel an obligation to go--later.)
(I didn't go. Now I regret it.)
(It's a future possibility.)
(He may be on his way there now.)
(Most likely he didn't.)
(He didn't. He had an excuse.)
(past fact)
(past obligation)
(conjecture about the past)

Finite and nonfinite verb

Verbs - Finite / Non Finite

Finite Verbs
A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural).
For example:-
I live in Germay. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).
Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.
For example:-
I travelled to Germany to improve my German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).

Noun Phrase

The Noun Phrase

Recognize a noun phrase when you see one.

A noun phrase includes a noun—a person, place, or thing—and the modifiers which distinguish it.
You can find the noun dog in a sentence, for example, but you don't know which canine the writer means until you consider the entire noun phrase: that dog, Aunt Audrey's dog, the dog on the sofa, the neighbor's dog that chases our cat, the dog digging in the new flower bed.
Modifiers can come before or after the noun. Ones that come before might include articles, possessive nouns, possessive pronouns, adjectives, and/or participles.
Articles: a dog, the dog
Possessive nouns:
Aunt Audrey's dog, the neighbor's dog, the police officer's dog
Possessive pronouns:
Our dog, her dog, their dog
Adjectives:
That dog, the big dog, the spotted dog
Participles:
The drooling dog, the barking dog, the well trained dog
Modifiers that come after the noun might include prepositional phrases, adjective clauses, participle phrases, and/or infinitives.
Prepositional phrases: A dog on the loose, the dog in the front seat, the dog behind the fence
Adjective clauses:
The dog that chases cats, the dog that looks lost, the dog that won the championship
Participle phrases:
The dog whining for a treat, the dog clipped at the grooming salon, the dog walked daily
Infinitives:
The dog to catch, the dog to train, the dog to adopt
Less frequently, a noun phrase will have a pronoun as its base—a word like we, everybody, etc.—and the modifiers which distinguish it. Read these examples:
We who were green with envy
We = subject pronoun; who were green with envy = modifier.
Someone intelligent
Someone = indefinite pronoun; intelligent = modifier.
No one important
No one = indefinite pronoun; important = modifier.

Direct and Indirect Speech

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

You can answer the question "What did he/she say?" in two ways:
·        by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)
·        by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).
Direct Speech
Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between inverted commas ("....") and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation
Examples:
She says "What time will you be home?"
She said "What time will you be home?"
and I said "I don't know!
"
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

Reported speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used.
She said, "I saw him." She said that she had seen him.
a.      'That' may be omitted:
She told him that she was happy.
She told him she was happy.
b.     'Say' and 'tell':
Use 'say' when there is no indirect object:
He said that he was tired.

Always use 'tell' when you say who was being spoken to (i.e. with an indirect object):
He told me that he was tired.
'Talk'
and 'speak' are used:
- to describe the action of communicating:
He talked to us.
She was speaking on the telephone.
- with 'about' to refer to what was said:
He talked (to us) about his parents.

HOPES, INTENTIONS, PROMISES
When we report an intention, hope or promise, we use an appropriate reporting verb followed by a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
"I'll pay you the money tomorrow."
He promised to pay me the money the next day.
He promised that he would pay me the money the next day.
Other verbs used in this pattern include:
hope, propose, threaten, guarantee, swear.

Examples:
a.      "I'll be back by lunchtime."
He promised to be back by lunchtime.
He promised that he would be back by lunchtime.
b.     "We should arrive in London before nightfall."
They hoped to arrive in
London before nightfall.
They hoped they would arrive in London before nightfall.
c.      "Give me the keys to the safe or I'll shoot you!"
He threatened to shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
He threatened that he would shoot me if I didn't give him the keys to the safe.
REPORTED SPEECH
ORDERS, REQUESTS, SUGGESTIONS

1. When we want to report an order or request, we can use a verb like 'tell' with a to-clause.
Examples:

He told me to go away.
The pattern is verb + indirect object + to-clause.
(The indirect object is the person spoken to.)
Other verbs used to report orders and requests in this way are: command, order, warn, ask, advise, invite, beg, teach, forbid.
Examples:
a. The doctor said to me, "Stop smoking!".
The doctor
told me to stop smoking.
b. "Get out of the car!" said the policeman.
The policeman
ordered him to get out of the car.

c. "Could you please be quiet," she said.
She
asked me to be quiet.

d. The man with the gun said to us, "Don't move!"
The man with the gun
warned us not to move.

(See also section on Verbs followed by infinitive and Verbs followed by gerund)
2. Requests for objects are reported using the pattern
ask + for + object: Examples:
a. "Can I have an apple?", she asked. She asked for an apple.
b. "Can I have the newspaper, please?"
He
asked for the newspaper.
c. "May I have a glass of water?" he said.
He
asked for a glass of water.
d. "Sugar, please."
She
asked for the sugar.
e. "Could I have three kilos of onions?"
He
asked for three kilos of onions.
3. Suggestions are usually reported with a that-clause. 'That' and 'should' are optional in these clauses:
She said: "Why don't you get a mechanic to look at the car?" She suggested that I should get a mechanic to look at the car. OR She suggested I get a mechanic to look at the car.
Other reporting verbs used in this way are: insist, recommend, demand, request, propose.

Examples:

a. "It would be a good idea to see the dentist", said my mother. My mother
suggested I see the dentist.

b. The dentist said, "I think you should use a different toothbrush". The dentist
recommended that I should use a different toothbrush.

c. My manager said, "I think we should examine the budget carefully at this meeting." My manager
proposed that we examine the budget carefully at the meeting.

d. "Why don't you sleep overnight at my house?" she said. She suggested
that I sleep overnight at her house.
Notes:
Suggest can also be followed by a gerund: I suggested postponing the visit to the dentist.
REPORTED SPEECH
QUESTIONS

1. Normal word order is used in reported questions, that is, the subject comes before the verb, and it is not necessary to use 'do' or 'did':
"Where does Peter live?" She asked him where Peter lived.
2. Yes / no questions: This type of question is reported by using 'ask' + 'if / whether + clause:
a. "Do you speak English?" He asked me if I spoke English.
b. "Are you British or American?" He asked me whether I was British or American.
c. "Is it raining?" She asked if it was raining.

d. "Have you got a computer?" He wanted to know
whether I had a computer.

e. "Can you type?" She asked
if I could type.

f. "Did you come by train?" He enquired
whether I had come by train.

g. "Have you been to Bristol before?" She asked
if I had been to Bristol before.
3. Question words:
This type of question is reported by using 'ask' (or another verb like 'ask') + question word + clause. The clause contains the question, in normal word order and with the necessary tense change.
Examples:
a. "What is your name?" he asked me. He asked me what my name was.
b. "How old is your mother?", he asked. He asked how old her mother was.
c. The mouse said to the elephant, "Where do you live?" The mouse asked the elephant where she lived.

d. "What time does the train arrive?" she asked. She asked
what time the train arrived.

e. "When can we have dinner?" she asked. She asked
when they could have dinner.

f. The elephant said to the mouse, "Why are you so small?" The elephant asked the mouse
why she was so small.
REPORTED SPEECH
SUMMARY OF REPORTING VERBS
Note that some reporting verbs may appear in more than one of the following groups.
1. Verbs followed by 'if' or 'whether' + clause:
ask
know
remember
say
see
2. Verbs followed by a that-clause:
add
admit
agree
announce
answer
argue
boast
claim
comment
complain
confirm
consider
deny
doubt
estimate
explain
fear
feel
insist
mention
observe
persuade
propose
remark
remember
repeat
reply
report
reveal
say
state
suggest
suppose
tell
think
understand
warn
3. Verbs followed by either a that-clause or a to-infinitive:
decide
expect
guarantee
hope
promise
swear
threaten
4. Verbs followed by a that-clause containing should
(but note that it may be omitted, leaving a subject + zero-infinitive):
advise
beg
demand
insist
prefer
propose
recommend
request
suggest
5. Verbs followed by a clause starting with a question word:
decide
describe
discover
discuss
explain
forget
guess
imagine
know
learn
realise
remember
reveal
say
see
suggest
teach
tell
think
understand
wonder
6. Verbs followed by object + to-infinitive
advise
ask
beg
command
forbid
instruct
invite
teach
tell
warn

REPORTED SPEECH
TENSE CHANGES
Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech:
She said, "I am tired." She said that she was tired.
The changes are shown below:
Simple present

Simple past
"I always drink coffee", she said

She said that she always drank coffee.
Present continuous

Past continuous
"I am reading a book", he explained.

He explained that he was reading a book
Simple past

Past perfect
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.

He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
Present perfect

Past perfect
"I have been to Spain", he told me.

He told me that he had been to Spain
Past perfect

Past perfect
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.

He explained that he had just turned out the light.
Present perfect continuous

Past perfect continuous
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".

They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
Past continuous

Past perfect continuous
"We were living in Paris", they told me.

They told me that they had been living in Paris.
Future

Present conditional
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said

He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
Future continuous

Conditional continuous
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".

She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

NOTE:
1. You do not need to change the tense if the reporting verb is in the present, or if the original statement was about something that is still true, e.g.
He says he has missed the train but he'll catch the next one.
We explained that
it is very difficult to find our house.

2. These modal verbs do not change in reported speech:
might, could, would, should, ought to, e.g.
We explained that it could be difficult to find our house.
She said that she
might bring a friend to the party.